Analysis Of The Book The Crucible - 1232 Words

Dominika Krupa Professor John Krapp SUS40C: Off script: Rebels in Fiction and philosophy December 19th, 2014 When we look at the world and the communities within we are often expected to follow their beliefs and their standards whether we believe in them or not. For many the power the community holds and the longing of acceptance is what encourages people to follow along even if it is for the wrong reasons. It can be difficult to stand against something or someone that many people in society are for. In the book the â€Å"The Crucible† by Arthur Miller, John Proctor struggles against his societies expectations on how he should think and behave but by the end of the novel we see that Proctor has successfully written his own script. He is able to admit to his wrong doings and goes against the beliefs of his own society. In the book â€Å"Heart Of Darkness† by Joseph Conrad, Mr. Kurtz goes against his societies expectations but in my opinion in the end he is unsuccessful. People who follow the script, like every other human being, can be considered to be ordi nary people but people who write their own script are considered to be extra-ordinary. The novel â€Å"The Crucible† by Arthur Miller takes place around the 1700’s at the time of the witch trials in Salem Massachusetts. The main character in the book, John Proctor, comes from a Puritan society in which people from this type of community are taught and required to follow strict guidelines of social order. These communities that followShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book The Crucible 1598 Words   |  7 Pagesacknowledged by Offred that â€Å"women were not protected† (27) in the pre-Gilead society like they are now. It is interesting to note that much of the culture of Gilead was unoriginal to the society. According to the â€Å"Historical Notes† section of the book, the society’s â€Å"genius was synthesis† (353), with its pioneers taking elements from other civilizations, and applying them to the society they were creating. The setting helps to create a haunting cautionary tale, with enough dark humour so not asRead MoreAnal ysis Of The Book The Crucible 1415 Words   |  6 Pagessince 1692 in the city of Salem, Massachusetts where the idea of â€Å"witch-hunts† originated, several groups across the world have been persecuted because of their race, religion, ethnicity, or other unsupported reasons. In Arthur Miller’s play, The Crucible, the witch-hunts that took place during Puritan times are specifically targeted and serve as the focus point throughout the course of the story. Aside from the main plot points of the play, Miller also comments on a period in the 1950s during theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Crucible 1141 Words   |  5 Pagesfriendly company of Gemma, Jared finds a mysteriously alluring, red and gold book. Disobeying the grandmother wishes Jared secretly takes the book and returns home. The next couple of days dealing with high school life, Jared begins to have paranoid thoughts about the book and begins to notice it changing locations in his room. One night, late, after visiting the diner with his friends, Jared decides to cut open the red book s lock and see what is inside. After struggling to open, Jared accidentallyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Crucible 1266 Words   |  6 Pagesthat person’s idea or political beliefs. (Scholastic Reference). In the book, The Crucible, Abigail blames others to get herself out of trouble and try to get John Proctor for her. Thomas Putnam wanted land, and Reverend Hale just wanted to guide others and protect their souls. All of these people were perpetrators of â€Å"The Big Lie†, which led to â€Å"witch hunts†. Was Hitler, in any way, like Abigail, in â€Å"The Crucible?† (Miller). From 1933 onwards, anti-Jewish policy was central to the NaziRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Crucible 1425 Words   |  6 PagesDusting off his cloak, he approached Drea’s door. The moment he stepped up, he heard the loud scrape of the bolt engaging, followed by the heavy clunk of the door bar being lowered. Strange, since Drea knew he was to arrive at this time. He knocked. Nothing. He tapped on the door with his knuckles again and again. â€Å"Drea? It’s me.† â€Å"Go away, Gawain. I don’t want to see you ever again. If you want to see Wallace, make arrangements with Nan.† â€Å"What are you talking about? Drea, this is madness. You’reRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book With God In The Crucible911 Words   |  4 PagesMaddy Walsh BIB101 With God in the Crucible In the book, â€Å"With God in the Crucible†, author, Peter Storey, gives his personal account of his involvement in ending the apartheid in South Africa. As a minister during this time period of hardship, Storey believed that he was called by God to offer a message of justice and reconciliation to the stubborn land of South Africa. He felt as though God had sent him to influence the people against the apartheid, and to offer strength and peace to those beingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Crucible By F. Scott Fitzgerald1407 Words   |  6 PagesWhen Booker arrived at the dorm room, he found Tom curled up on his mattress, his face protectively covered by his arm. A heavy ache throbbed in the dark-haired officer’s heart and closing the door, he walked over to the side of Tom’s bed and sat down. His hand hovered over Hanson’s trembling body, unsure whether to offer comfort or let sleeping dogs lie. Tom was wary of contact, and he did not want to caus e him more pain than he already had. Seconds ticked slowly past, and eventually his heartRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Crucible By F. Scott Fitzgerald2159 Words   |  9 Pages Turns out they share similar taste in their music. She commented on the group playing on the iPod as her favorite and giving him a little history of the band. She also checked out the meal he’d prepared and made some mention of his cooking skills. They talked about her work and how it was progressing. She mentioned the article she was writing, and he brought up the topic of what happened to his older brother. A topic which he especially didn’t talk too much about, even after all this timeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Crucible By Dawson Cole And Amanda Collier1425 Words   |  6 Pages18-19, but this is what the book is about, the lustful glances, and the love floating between them. Which as the reader I could physically feel. Right at this moment is where the final pieces to this book kinda fell into place, it sets up the plot for you, to me it actually kinda screamed it out on the top of its lungs. The good thing about that is it prepares you for what is c oming next, so maybe your heart will survive...only if you could warn the characters in the book to RUN before they get toRead MoreGravimetric Analysis of a Soluble Sulfate1690 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Gravimetric analysis describes the methods for finding the chemical constituent of analyte in a solution through analytical chemistry. This method uses the mass of solid SO42-, with an unknown quantity and quality, to qualitatively determine the makeup of the solid SO3-. Two separate experiments with the initial compounds of BaCl2 and SO42- were put into solution to allow for the BaSO4 precipitate to form. Through filtration and ignition of precipitate containing ashless papers

Gender Neutral Ground Combat Arms Roles - 7352 Words

Profoundly influenced by two post-9/11 protracted wars that highlighted the expanded role of women in combat, civilian leaders have opted to pursue a gender neutral military apparently on the grounds that integrating women in direct ground combat arms roles is both essential and prudent. Central to the rhetoric is that women are not only qualified, but that they bring a wealth of diverse talents that they should be able to apply across all disciplines within the Armed Forces and in turn, be afforded the opportunity to ascend to more senior ranks. However, policy makers are deliberately ignoring decades of medical research and evidence that strongly counter the logic of such a decision and brings into question their motives. The purpose of this paper is to synthesize and present the extensive body of evidence that exists counter to the rationality of pursuing a fully integrated, gender neutral military. This research paper uses a qualitative approach to argue that integrating wom en in the Marine Corps’ infantry will degrade readiness, deplete a talented pool of women from the total force, and impact the overall combat effectiveness of the Marine Corps. After presenting a brief background of how we arrived at the present date decision and debate, this paper will enumerate the impacts of physiological differences between genders. Next, the paper will then lay out the cumulative impacts that the difference in physical strength and endurance have on attrition and readinessShow MoreRelatedThe Civil Field Or Clerical Support1165 Words   |  5 Pagesis frowned upon if any gender is excluded from employment opportunities or types of jobs. Up until recent years, the military totally excluded women from certain combat jobs due to their gender. â€Å"For most of the history of the U.S. military women have only served in roles in the medical field or clerical support† (Barry,19). Some of this is due to the different physical abilities between genders; cost of logistics and military effectiveness. We should not make every combat arm Military OccupationalRead MorePolicy Introduction And Identification Of The Military Services And United States Special Operations Command1453 Words   |  6 PagesJanuary of 2013, the Department of Defense set aside the â€Å"1994 Direct Ground Combat Definition and Assignment Rule† (Carter, 2015). This takes all restrictions off women allowing all who meet the qualifications to hold a combat role in the military. The Armed Forces have opened over 110,000 positions to women and have set their standards. Anyone, who can meet operationally relevant and gender neutral standards, regardless of gender, should have the opportunity to serve in any position (Carter, 2015)Read MoreHuman Life And Broader Nature865 Words   |  4 PagesGender roles have always existed to some extent throughout history, and it has been a stepping stone of human life and broader nature. In the Greek society women were not allowed to impede in politics or any matter other than their household work, yet the goddess of marriage and birth, Hera, defies all of the rules. Hera’s jealousy, trickery, and temper creates unwanted havoc, thus making her a significant character in The Iliad. Hera is an exceedingly determined goddess and will go to any lengthsRead MoreWomen During Combat - Rough Draft1609 Words   |  7 Pages Women in Combat – Rough Draft January 24, 2013 Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta lifted the ban on women serving in combat. For years women have served with honor and distinction. When faced with combat and in an insurgency type of modern warfare, any soldier can potentially see combat. Realistically, there is a difference between experiencing combat on a convoy and going out day after day on combat patrols to perform search and destroy missions. Having served as a Marine Infantryman in AfghanistanRead MoreWomen During World War II1450 Words   |  6 Pageswomen have increasingly served, and continue to serve, with valor and integrity in the Unites States Armed Forces (Kamarack, 2015). Although women have successfully proved themselves in the military, they should be restricted from entering into direct combat because they are less physically fit than their male counterparts, create animosity on front lines, and undermine cohesion within a military unit. The integration of women into the armed forces has effectively progressed since the early days ofRead MoreEssay Women in Combat1323 Words   |  6 Pagesnine-to-five job but rather a calling. It is about being a part of the Profession of Arms. Airmen are warriors. The third verse of the Air Force Airman’s Creed states, â€Å"I am an American Airman, Guardian of Freedom and Justice, My Nation’s Sword and Shield, its Sentry and Avenger. I defend my country with my Life† (Huguley, 2009, p.1). The word â€Å"Airmen† is gender neutral in the creed; yet, women who want to serve in combat roles are still denied the privilege. Now is the time for the all military branchesRead MoreMilitary Women Should NOT Be Allowed in Combat Positions1666 Words   |  7 Pageskiller.nbsp; Do women fit any of these descriptions?nbsp; Should a woman be permitted to enter into combat situations?nbsp; Some argue that it is a womans right to be fighting along side other men.n bsp; Others agree that by not letting women in ground troops her rights are being taken away. A woman can be anything that she wants but when she tries to prove that she is just as good as a man in combat she could be putting herself in very dangerous situations that could effect her and her unit. Read MoreNew Deal And Social Security3151 Words   |  13 PagesSecurity Act was created. This act provided aid to dependent children, unemployment and disability insurance, and pensions for the elderly. An issue with this system was that it might seem like a welfare program rather than an insurance program. To combat this issue, the social security funds would be from payroll taxes from employers and workers. Younger generations would finance the fund and would benefit from the system once they turned 65. Although this was a much-needed system, especially afterRead MoreMasculinity in the Philippines12625 Words   |  51 Pagesirresistible, manner. As powerful, intrusive institutions, modem armies transformed cultures and shaped gender identities, fostering rhetoric and imagery whose influence has persisted long after colonial rule. Above all, these armies, colonial and national, propagated a culture, nay a cult of masculinity. Recent historical research has explored the ways that rising European states reconstructed gender roles to support military mobilization. To prepare males for military service, European nations constructedRead MoreAlternative Dispute Resolution Mechanism21967 Words   |  88 PagesInternational Negotiation 3.7. Negotiations Over Water 3.7.1. International Water Negotiations/Conflicts 3.7.2. Intra-national Water Negotiations/Disputes 3.8. Treaties 4. Mediation 4.1. The Advantages of Mediation 4.2. Positive Results of Mediation 4.3. The Role of the Mediator 4.4. Skills and Tools of a Good Mediator 4.5. The Problems that the Mediator Attempts to Resolve 4.6. Techniques and Strategies 4.7. Models and Approaches to Mediation 4.8. Controversial Issues in Mediation 4.9. Psychological Issues

Religious Freedom Free Essays

Religious freedom occupies a special place in contemporary political discussions. It should not. This is not because religious freedom is not important but because it is no more and no less important than other forms of freedom of conscience, belief and practice. We will write a custom essay sample on Religious Freedom or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2 Many believers point out that faith plays a unique role in their lives. That is often true. Those atheists who dismiss belief in God as no more credible than belief in Santa Claus or in fairies miss the point. Religion is more than an intellectual exercise or a matter of logic; it often has, for believers, a vital social and spiritual function. But acknowledging the vital and unique role of faith in the lives of believers does not commit us to providing it with a privileged position in society. 3 The reason that religious freedom has a special place in contemporary political debate is historical. Ideas of tolerance and of freedom of expression developed in Europe from the seventeenth century onwards primarily within a religious framework. Questions of toleration and expression were at heart questions of how, and how far, the state, and the established church, should accommodate religious dissent. We can see this in the arguments of John Locke, whose Letter Concerning Toleration is a key text in the development of modern liberal ideas about freedom of expression and worship. Locke’s starting point was the insistence that the duty of every individual was to seek his own salvation. The means to do so were his religious beliefs and the ability openly to worship. The power of the political authorities could not rightfully extend over either sphere. Written at a time when Europe was rent by tempestuous religious strife, and when intolerance and persecution were the norm, Locke’s was a powerful argument for religious freedom. It was also an exceedingly narrow conception of liberty. Locke’s toleration was rooted primarily in the desire to extend freedom of worship and theological discussion to nonconformist congregations and placed little emphasis on wider issues of freedom of thought or conscience. Indeed Locke was emphatic in refusing to extend toleration to many other groups. Neither Catholics not atheists were, in Locke’s view, deserving of tolerance, the former because they gave their allegiance to a ‘foreign prince’, the latter because their opinions were ‘contrary to human society’ and ‘to the preservation of civil society’. 4 Locke’s near contemporary, the Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza, whose views influenced the Radical Enlightenment, proposed a different concept of tolerance. Spinoza’s starting point, was not, as it was for Locke, the salvation of one’s soul, or the coexistence of churches, but the enhancement of freedom, and the quest for individual liberty and freedom of expression. All attempts to curb free expression, he insisted, not only curtailed legitimate freedom but was futile. ‘No man†¦ can give up his freedom to judge and think as he pleases, and everyone is by absolute natural right master of his own thoughts’, Spinoza wrote, so ‘it follows that utter failure will attend any attempt in a state to force men to speak only as prescribed by the sovereign despite their different and opposing opinion. ’ ’The right of the sovereign, both in the religious and secular spheres’, he concluded, ‘should be restricted to men’s actions, with everyone being allowed to think what he wishes and say what he thinks’. It is a more inclusive vision of freedom than Locke’s, and a more useful starting point – and conclusion – when thinking about contemporary freedom. 5 Modern ideas of freedom and tolerance are usually seen, particularly in the West, as having derived from Locke. In fact they draw upon both Locke and Spinoza. The US First Amendment owes much to Spinoza’s conception of freedom. Even in Europe, where freedom of expression is construed in narrower terms, Spinoza’s influence remains important, if unacknowledged. However, despite the broadening of the conception of liberty and tolerance, the idea that freedom of religion is a special freedom, an idea that derives primarily from Locke, remains entrenched. 6 Today, we live in very different world from that in which concepts of religious freedom first developed. Religion is no longer the crucible within which political and intellectual debates take place. Questions of freedom and tolerance are not about how the dominant religious establishment should respond to dissenting religious views, but about the degree to which society should tolerate, and the law permit, speech and activity that might be offensive, hateful, harmful to individuals or undermine national security. We can now see more clearly that religious freedom is not a special kind of liberty but one of a broader set of freedoms. If we were think about religious freedom from first principles today, it would not have a special place compared to other forms of freedom of conscience, belief, assembly or action. 7 Whatever one’s beliefs, secular or religious, there should be complete freedom to express them, short of inciting violence or other forms of physical harm to others. Whatever one’s beliefs, secular or religious, there should be freedom to assemble to promote them. And whatever one’s beliefs, secular or religious, there should be freedom to act upon those beliefs, so long as in so doing one neither physically harms another individual without their consent, nor transgresses that individual’s rights in the public sphere. These should be the fundamental principles by which we judge the permissibility of any belief or act, whether religious or secular. 8 Many on both sides of the debate about religious freedom continue to treat religion as special. Many atheists want to deny religion the rights accorded to others forms of belief. Many religious believers want to retain privileges for religion. Both are wrong. 9 Some atheists argue that secularism requires that religion be kept out of the public sphere. It is an argument that cannot be right any more than the claim that the views of racists, conservatives, communists or gay activists must be kept out of the public sphere. A secular space cannot be one in which religion is not permitted to be present. It is, rather, a space in which one religion is granted no advantage over another, nor over any secular philosophy or ideology. It must also be one, however, in which no religion is disadvantaged with respect to another religion, or with respect to secular philosophies and ideologies. 10 Many atheists demand also that religious symbols be banned in the public sphere. Many states and corporations have imposed such bans, from the refusal to allow the wearing of the cross in the workplace to the outlawing of the burqa in public places. Such bans are infringements of the basic freedoms set out in #7. An employer has every right to ban kinds of clothing that might be, say, dangerous in a particular workplace. He or she also has the right, in certain circumstances, and within limits, to insist that employees wear a particular uniform, or to desist from wearing something inappropriate. But there should be no general ban on particular forms of clothing or adornment, and certainly no general ban on specifically religious clothing or symbols. 11 The real dilemmas with religious freedom arise out of questions not of beliefs or symbols but of practices. Many beliefs, religious and secular, imply particular practices. The belief that homosexuality is a sin requires that one refrain from gay relationships or gay sex. The belief that life begins at conception requires that one does not have an abortion or help anyone else to do so. And so on. As a society we should tolerate as far as is possible the desire of people to live according to their conscience. But that toleration ends when someone acting upon his or her conscience causes harm to another without consent, or infringes another’s genuine rights. 12 It is not just in the case of religion that there is a strong relationship between belief and practice. Racists, communists, Greens, New Age mystics – all could claim that their beliefs enforce upon them certain actions or practices. We do not, however, allow racists, communists, Greens, or New Age mystics to act upon their beliefs if in so doing they harm others or deny them their legitimate rights. A racist pub owner cannot bar black people from his pub, however deep-set his beliefs. It would be a criminal offence for Greens to destroy a farmer’s field of legally grown GM crops, however strongly they might feel about such agriculture. There is a line, in other words, that cannot be crossed even if conscience requires one to. That line should be in the same place for religious believers as for non-believers. Society should accommodate as far as is possible any action genuinely required by conscience, but not where such acts harms another or infringes their rights. Of course, a religious believer might claim that he or she faces a different kind of compulsion to that felt by a racist, a communist or anyone else attached to secular beliefs. He or she may feel commanded by God to act in a particular way. It may well be true that a believer feels a different kind of compulsion. But the reason for which someone feels compelled to act in a particular way is not necessarily relevant to whether or not such acts should be legally permitted. 13 The fact that acts of conscience may sometimes have to be curbed does not mean that in these cases there is a ‘conflict of rights’. Just as there is a right to free speech but no right not to be offended, so there is a right not to be harmed and to equal treatment, but no right to harm or to discriminate. This is essential to protect religious freedom. An atheist bar-owner should have no right, whatever his conscience may say, to bar people of faith, any more than a Christian bar-owner has the right to bar gays. Such curbs on acts of conscience simply mean that we live not alone on a desert island but together in a crowded society. 14 How would the argument so far throw light on recent conflicts over matters of religious freedom? Should religions have the right to prevent the publication of cartoons or books or plays that are deemed offensive? No. Religious freedom requires that people of faith be allowed to speak or act in ways that might offend others. It does not that require others do not cause offence or promote blasphemy. Is it legitimate for a state to ban the burqa? It is not. Wearing a burqa neither harms, nor discriminates against, others. Of course, one might well believe that the burqa harms the woman who wears it and is an expression of discrimination against women. A liberal society accepts, however, that individuals should free to make choices that may not be in their interest and that, to liberal eyes, demean them. This applies even to particularly distasteful expressions of degradation, such as the wearing of the burqa. If women are forced to wear the burqa against their will, the law should protect them against that coercion. It should not, however, impose a ban on those who have chosen to wear the burqa. Some suggest that burqas cause harm because they may pose security problems, or be incompatible with the needs of particular jobs. Such practical problems can usually be solved on a case-by-case basis without the need for draconian legislation. Should an employee be allowed to wear a cross at work? In almost every case the answer should be ‘Yes’. There may be a pragmatic case for, say, banning loose chains that in certain workplaces may be dangerous; but it is difficult to see what right an employer has simply to ban the wearing of a cross as a religious symbol. Should gay marriage be legalized? Yes. This is a matter both of secular equality and of religious freedom. On the one hand, the state should not exclude gays from the civil institution of marriage simply because of religious hostility. On the other, some faith groups wish to bless to gay marriage. For the state to deny them that right because other faith groups disagree would be to undermine religious freedom. What the state should not do is to force religious bodies to accept or consecrate gay marriage. Should a Catholic adoption agency be allowed to turn away gay prospective parents? If the agency receives public funding, or performs a service on behalf of the state, then the answer is ‘No’. It would then be legitimate for the state to insist that the agency does not discriminate, despite Catholic views on homosexuality. If, however, it is a private agency – if it is simply performing a service for Catholic parents who subscribe to its views on homosexuality – then the answer should be ‘Yes’. Should Christian bed and breakfast owners be allowed to turn away gays? Such owners, even if they are turning their own home into a b’n’b, are providing a service from which a gay couple could reasonably expect equal treatment. The answer, therefore, is ‘No’. Should Catholic-run hospitals or schools be forced to give employees health insurance that includes free contraception? This is, of course, a source of major controversy in the USA. The answer is ‘Yes’. This is not a matter of religious freedom, but of employee rights. Churches are not being forced to provide contraception. In their role as secular employers, they are being asked to provide employee benefits that all employers must provide. To exempt Church-run organizations would be to deny those benefits to a particular group of employees. 15 Having said all this, many of these conflicts would be better resolved through the pragmatic use of common sense than through the strict application of principle, particularly when those principles remain socially contested. A religious believer should not normally have the legal right to discriminate. But if it is possible to arrange matters so that a believer can act according to conscience without causing harm or discrimination to others, then it might be worthwhile doing so. In principle, a Christian marriage registrar should expect to have to perform gay civil partnerships, whatever their religious beliefs. However, it might make pragmatic sense to roster others to perform ceremonies for gay couples, not because we should accept prejudice – prejudice, whether religious or secular in form, should always be challenged – but in acknowledgement of the fact that genuine social conflict exists on this issue. We should not give an inch to bigotry. Someone whose ‘conscience’ would not allow them to work with gays, or to marry Jews, should clearly not be indulged. Nevertheless, many oppose gay partnerships or marriages as a matter of conscience and not simply through homophobia (albeit that ‘conscience’ can, of course, often be a cover for homophobia). We can both challenge such attitudes and accept that on matters of genuine conscience, a little leeway or accommodation that allows someone to live by their principles may be desirable. The law should not make any such accommodation. But as individuals, or as organizations, it may be wise to, though not at the cost of causing harm, allowing discrimination or endorsing bigotry. 16 There are exceptional cases in which we should set aside these basic principles. A marriage registrar should be expected in principle, if not necessarily in practice, to perform gay civil partnerships. But we should not expect a doctor or a nurse, even in principle, to perform an abortion, if they feel to do so is against their beliefs. Whatever we may think of the belief that life begins at conception, it would be unreasonable in the extreme to expect those who do hold that belief to commit what they consider to be murder. 17 A pragmatic approach to matters of religious conscience is neither a sign of ‘weakness’ nor a matter of ‘accommodating’ the devil. Standing by political principle is vitally important, including the principle that people should have the right to act upon their conscience if possible. Why is that principle important? Because we recognize with Spinoza that ‘No man can give up his freedom to judge and think as he pleases, and everyone is by absolute natural right master of his own thoughts’. To recognize that is to recognize also that it is better if people are persuaded to act in a particular way, by exercising their freedom to judge and think, than being forced to do so by the power of the state. There are times when the state has to wield the big stick, particularly if ‘acts of conscience’ lead to physical harm or discrimination. But such occasions, as a matter of principle, should be minimized as far as possible. To be pragmatic in this matter is to keep to one’s principles. 18 The aim of rethinking religious freedom is to strengthen, not weaken, it. It is to establish it not as a special privilege arising out of the turmoil of seventeenth century Europe but as one of a set of indispensible freedoms rooted in the needs and possibilities of the twenty-first century world. To defend religious freedom in this manner is not to defend religion. It is to defend freedom. How to cite Religious Freedom, Papers

Ethics - Professionalism and Governance Employees

Question: Discuss about the Ethics, Professionalism and Governance for Employees. Answer: Case Study Analysis From the above case study, it has been analyzed that professional work environment is a kind of workplace which is full of accountable employees, respectful, full of high competent. Leaders in the professional workplace is working towards achieving the common goal of the organization. legal issues and Ethical professional is the key problems at Pico PCs Manufacturing Company. The three values which relate to the case study are- The Enhancement of quality of life (Acs.org.au. 2017) Honesty (Acs.org.au. 2017) Professionalism (Acs.org.au. 2017) It is to be noted that the head leader of Pico PCs Manufacturing Company compromised the health of the employees at workplace. According to the head leader, comprising health of employees can help in achieving successful business including improved profits (Popovski 2016). the CEO of the company is trying to get more work from the workers of the island without providing them proper wages. The clauses which relate to the case study are the primacy of the public interest, the enhancement of quality of life, Honesty, Competence, Professionalism. The legislation which can be applied to the scenario is the Enhancement of Quality of Life which states that You will strive to enhance the quality of life of those affected by your work (Acs.org.au. 2017). The method that is suggested by the CEO of the company causes violation to various values according to the ACS. The CEO has suggested ways to get the work from the workers from the island. The workers are not getting proper wage and are unaware of the fact that working on that project may be fatal for their eyes. Thus, the decision took by the CEO is not appropriate and it should be advanced (Bauchner, Fontanarosa and Thompson, 2015). If the work is performed accordingly, many workers may lose their eyesight. In todays industries, ethical conflicts are one of the most communal problem (Argyriades and Kim 2016). Therefore, Pico PCs Manufacturing Company is also facing the same issues. However, many best practices such as by supporting a code of ethics, creating an environment where employees can speak up, offering ongoing education, etc can help the Pico PCs Manufacturing Company in addressing these issues. The company must to follow all the rules and regulations set by ACS for the work- this can be beneficial for the company as well as the workers. The company will not have to face any dispute and the workers will get better experience at work. References Acs.org.au. (2017). [online] Available at:https://www.acs.org.au/content/dam/acs/rules-and-regulations/Code-of-Professional-Conduct_v2.1.pdf[Accessed 13 Apr. 2017]. Argyriades, D. and Kim, P.S., 2016. The" market model" failure of governance and the case of Greece. International Journal of Civil Service Reform and Practice, 1(1). Bauchner, H., Fontanarosa, P.B. and Thompson, A.E., 2015. Professionalism, governance, and self-regulation of medicine. Jama, 313(18), pp.1831-1836. Popovski, V., 2016. International rule of law and professional ethics. Routledge.

Judy Wicks Biography and Innovatives

Judy Wicks is an innovative businesswoman and an activist who has applied new techniques in business. She works with a great imagination and a great desire to cooperate with others to provide Pennsylvania with strong local economy. She is a graduate of Lake Erie College, BA English in 1969.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Judy Wicks’ Biography and Innovatives specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When explaining her occupation in restaurant business, she adores pointing to its accidental nature. And she means it. In 1970 she founded the Free People’s Store (now Urban Outfitters) with her husband, Richard Hayne. However, a year later they split up. Having driven a red light, she had got into a car crash. Luckily, a stranger on a street offered her a job of a waitress. She worked for 13 years at this place. She tried herself as a manager at Sansom Street’s La Terrasse, but this experience ended up i n disappointment and failure. She expected a cafà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s owner to make her a co-owner, but he did not. Judy had her own shop on the first floor of her house, so in 1983 she quit her job at La Terrasse and expanded her own menu. In 1983, the White Dog Cafe was founded by Judy Wicks. The cafà © was situated on the first floor. The first reason for this reconstruction was the danger of destruction of the building. At the beginning, it was something like a tiny cafà ©, but later it has grown up to a 200-seat restaurant with over 100 employees including the adjacent retail store, the Black Cat.The main features included were fresh local food and a community involvement. Controlling the cafà ©, Judy always checked the quality of food. She concluded an agreement with one farmer family for ecologically clean products: meet, eggs, and fish. She also applied other useful business techniques. Among them, she used recycling, composting, usage of eco-friendly products: soap, office suppl ies. She generated hot water with usage of solar energy. All electricity that Judy was purchasing was from renewable recourses – wind power. She was the first person who implied such business skills in Pennsylvania (Albion, 2000). Furthermore Judy is the first one who put into practice lending money. She is loaning local farmer money for the expansion of their farms. Wicks is working towards building a tightly-knit community. In her debates, she uses her main slogan: â€Å"Businesses should not grow bigger!† (Albion, 2000) For her part, Wicks donates 20% of the White Dog’s profits to the programs she has organized recently.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In 2004, Inc magazine named Judy Wicks one of America’s 25 most fascinating entrepreneurs, â€Å"because she’s put in place more progressive business practices per square foot than any ot her entrepreneur† (Shetterly, 2007). Judy has gained lots of awards, among them â€Å"Philadelphia Sustainability Awards, Life Time Achievement (2007), New Prophetic Voice Award, Shalom Center (2006), Philadelphia Student Union â€Å"Living the Change We Wish to See† Award (2005), PA Resources Council Business Award (2005), James Beard Foundation Humanitarian of the Year Award (2005), Spirit of Philadelphia Award in Honor of W. Thatcher Longstreth, Philadelphia Cares (2005), Althea Gibson Community Award (2005), Breastfeeding-Friendly Business Award, Maternity Care Coalition (2004), First annual Interdependence Award, Democracy Collaborative (2004)† () and many others. Supporting her tree main concepts (serving customers, community, employees, and the natural environment), Judy has organized numerous educational and community-building programs based on The White Dog Cafà ©. The aims of these programs are connected with economy and sociology, environmental protec tion and other issues. In 1986 by means of â€Å"Table for Six Billion, Please!† started the international project. Judy was an active participator; she helped to organize trips to such countries, as Nicaragua, Mexico, the Palestine, and many others (Hollender, 2003). In conclusion, Judi Wicks says, â€Å"I’m helping to create an economic system that will respect and protect the earth—one which would replace corporate globalization with a global network of local living economies. Business is beautiful when it’s a vehicle for serving the common good† (Shetterly, 2007). She has shown really innovative behavior in her business and, furthermore, she is widely promoting her way of thinking. Works Cited Albion, Mark. Making a Life, Making a Living: Reclaiming Your Purpose and Passion in Business and in Life Business Plus Dec. 2000. Hollender, Jeffrey, Fenichell, Stephen. What Matters Most: How a Small Group of Pioneers Is Teaching Social Responsibility t o Big Business, and Why Big Business Is Listening Basic Books, 2003.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Judy Wicks’ Biography and Innovatives specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Shetterly, Robert. â€Å"Americans Who Tell the Truth: Judy Wicks.Document Actions† RSS Feed, 2007. This essay on Judy Wicks’ Biography and Innovatives was written and submitted by user Gwyneth Vang to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Reengineering Management essays

Reengineering Management essays Reengineering Management (RM) is a great book written by James Champy. Other than the one published before, which was Reengineering the Corporation, this books directed to all managers in all levels. It is about changing managerial work, the way we should think, organize, inspire, deploy, measure and reward the value-adding operational work. This book is a following one for reengineering the Corporation written by Michael Hammer and James Champy. Youve redesigned your companys processes, organization, and culture. Now, how do you manage it? Champy examines the successes and failures of reengineering, and cites the failure of management to change as the greatest threat to the success of reengineering. Champy attempts to develop a subject that was not given adequate attention in Reengineering the Corporation. Managers must change how they work if they are to realize the full benefits of reengineering. Champy begins with the impact of reengineering on managers. Managers must create change, big change and fast. According to Champy, managers most fear the loss of control. Modern managers do not command or manipulate, but share information and educate. They must replace old ways of thinking with new ideals and expectations associated with letting go. These include replacing perfectionist thinking with experimental thinking, and "getting it right" credos with "making it better and better" credos. Managers must have faith in human beings to do the right thing. The authority of the organization chart is giving way to the ability to do a job better for the customer. Customer needs, not internal values, should guide the manager's performance. Reengineering changes everything. Managers cannot successfully support a reengineering effort unless they too change. And they need to change in the areas of purpose, culture, processes, and people. But what does that mean? Champy tries to answer this...

History Discussion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 9

History Discussion - Research Paper Example 90). This made President Jackson make a lot of mistakes that caused United States great damage both economically and politically. During his tenure some of the United States countries even tried to secede from the union. Jackson signing of tariff into law in 1882, some countries such as South Carolina felt ignored the move an aspect that made President Jackson administration to almost make use military in making sure that South Carolina paid the tariff (Brinkley, & Dyer 2004, p. 93). The administration was also involved with different cases of corruption. The administration was unable to fight cases of corruption that faced the government especially the allegations that were directed towards some of the cabinet officials. This made the fight be tough to deal with as the officials still held their positions in the government thereby covering up any attempt to uncover their actions. This led to starting of a campaign that was aimed at eliminating all officials that had corruption records but this move was unsuccessful (Brinkley, & Dyer 2004, p.

Cash and accrual accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cash and accrual accounting - Essay Example Meanwhile, accrual basis is accounting techniques that transactions are recognized when item is delivered, and revenues are recorded when they are earned. Although, the two methods are both accounting method and used to record transactions, they are different in various ways and the paper will evaluate the difference of the two accounting methods used to recognize transactions. Cash vs. accrual accounting Accrual-basis financial statements give more practical information than cash-basis statements because the accrual-basis is a method that is recognized by the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). However, the cash basis statement is not useful as accrual basis because it is not recognized by the GAAP. Meanwhile, the accrual basis ensures firms have recorded transaction in the period that the event has occurred. For instance, to establish the net income it will require the company to recognize revenue when it was earned but not when it received the cash. Meanwhile, the com pany under the accrual basis will recognize the expenses at the period when they are incurred and not the period when they are paid. Conversely, the companies that use cash basis accounting can record revenues when they get cash, and record an expense when they pay out cash. Although, cash basis seems appealing because of its simplicity, it frequently generates false financial statements (Diamond, 2006). Meanwhile, cash basis fails to record revenue that the company has earned and instead opt to record revenue that it has received the cash. Meanwhile, the accrual basis matches expenses with earned revenues, but cash basis does not match the expenses with earned revenues. Cash basis is recommendable for the small firms because they do not prepare detailed receivables and payables, but accrual basis accounting is mostly utilized by large businesses. Conversely, companies that use the accrual method to make adjustment entries for accruals will record revenue earned in the recent accoun ting period (Diamond, 2006). Adjusting entries under an accrual method maintains two purposes that include showing the receivables. This exists in the balance sheet and involves recording the revenues earned during the period. Meanwhile, before the adjustment is done under the accrual method, assets and revenues are understated. Under the cash method, before the adjustment entries are performed for the prepaid expenses, assets are overstated, and expenses are understated. Moreover, many small businesses use the cash method for recognizing transaction because it offers flexibility in managing taxable income used in the running of the business. In contrast to cash basis methods, accrual methods will record transactions that are made, and most of the companies use the method (Biafore, 2010). The accrual method offers better matching between revenues and their related cost that assist firms understand the true causes and effects of various business activities. Consequently, revenues are recognized during the same period in which sales transactions occurred, and expenses are recognized in the same period as their linked revenues. However, the two accounting methods are used to recognize the transactions

Improving Retention Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Improving Retention - Essay Example In these regards, it’s clear that the focus of thought is one of the primary actions to convert conscious awareness to stored memory. The next step in improving retention is to make consistent, yet spaced-out, efforts at retention. Bjork (2001) demonstrated that information that is researched in these consistent ways, rather than in steady state and fast ‘cramming’ methods, is not as well retained. Other methods that must be taken are to organize the material in tangible ways. Rather than sporadically attempting to retain various information elements, research has demonstrated that the mind functions much more efficiently when the information that is attempting to be retained is grouped into discernable categories. This allows the mind to group and process this information into memory with much greater efficiency. In addition to these methods of memory retention, there exist areas of memory retention that are more common knowledge. One such avenue within this fiel d of psychological memory retention is the mnemonic device. Mnemonic devices function as association tools that aid the mind in recalling and retaining information.

Responsible Travel To Natural Areas That Conserves The Environment Tourism Essay

Responsible Travel To Natural Areas That Conserves The Environment Tourism Essay Ecotourism can be seen as a solution or contribution to the problems related to environmental conservation, and also as a threat.  This is because by promoting the integration of locals and tourists to areas of high ecological value, such as natural reserves and forests, fauna and flora of these sites may be affected negatively.  In addition, ecotourism promotes the development of infrastructure and facilities that protect the activity, such as gazebos, trails, eco-lodges, among others.  Similarly, it is critical that only promotes local economic development. On the other side, ecotourism activity helps keep wildlife healthy.  Some places, like the Galapagos Islands, ranches in Namibia, wetlands in Brazil, among others, thanks to tourism and what derives from it, residents of such places are motivated to work for conservation, in the way to keep a tourist activity. Ecotourism is more than people visiting a new place, it has to do with the environment and the activities in which a person involved that may harm the environment. There are some objectives that were implanted with ecotourism: First of all, the most important aim that emerged from the implementation of ecotourism is that travellers need to be more aware of the environment and damage, their actions as travellers and members of the society on earth. The main objectives are to minimize the potential environmental impact on natural and cultural environments of sites visited.  Generate awareness about the nature and care.  Tourism experiences that are favourable for visitors and locals. Funds arising from these tourist activities to the preservation of the place are one of the ends sought to ecotourism, thus establishing the basis for the maintenance of ecological tourism and growth. Funds like these can improve economic development that can lead of having more activities and ways that tourists could use and admire the nature of the land without destroying it.   Another factor that usually does not consider is that ecotourism is a source of income for civilizations not too close to the cities.  Usually, they have the same attraction for a city because in reality, there is much to do in a forest or something.  But nature has much to offer as well.  So if the countries with the special nature can find activities that the public would like to participate, visit the site and those who live there are going to collect the benefits of nature. UN acknowledges in its report World Resources 2002, for the most part, nature tourism fails to meet the ideals of social responsibility implicit in this definition. It also ensures that you may travel destinations and are marketed as ecotourism opportunities to focus on providing accommodation to the environment more favourable to community development, conservation and tourism education.  Therefore, the reality of these trips is that they can sustain ecosystems and degrade at the same time.  Given that the majority of ecotourists come from North America and Europe and most destinations are in the developing world would be doing a damage to these countries if they do not get that nature tourism is  compatible with conservation. But the UN also recognizes that even some of the ecosystems that are carefully managed under the principles of ecotourism are showing signs of degradation.  To illustrate the dangers that ecotourism can lead to natural ecosystems, the UN report takes the example of the Galapagos Islands, a natural paradise and the nerve center of biodiversity.  Not surprisingly, half of birds, 32% of plants and 90% of the reptiles that live there do not exist anywhere else in the world.  At first glance, the report says, the Galapagos Islands exemplify the promise of ecotourism.  Each year the archipelago attracts over 62,000 visitors who pay to dive and walk among the 120 volcanic islands and ecosystems, among other exotic species, contain the turtles are named for the islands. According to UN figures, tourism in Galapagos produces up to 60 million dollars a year and is the source of income of 80% of its residents.  Since 1970, the number of visitors has increased tenfold, helping to expand the resources of the park service to Ecuador and create a model of ecotourism high quality and low impact.  However, when things look closer displayed the consideration involved. Thus, the permanent population of the islands has tripled in the last 15 years due to the arrival of immigrants seeking work in the tourism economy of the islands, which also leads to increased pollution and exploitation of fisheries resources.  And, contrary to the purport ecotourism, it is estimated that only 15% of the capital that is entered from tourism goes directly to the Galapagos economy. In some cases not even a single pound reinvested in conservation and tourist park management, but that money goes to government treasury or at the hands of corrupt officials of the park. Ecotourism Impacts The impact of ecotourism is not only economic, but socio-economic, since it involves the communities.  The achievements in the economic order can even benefit communities and areas of the country that usually are depressed from the position of economics and finance, but have very specific natural resources and with hospitable people, traditions and  very special charms. Ecotourism is also a channel to link the activities of local governments or municipalities with other state and society as a whole, but also engages the municipality with the outside world, thus breaking the isolation  internal and external know yet many of our communities.  In the United States of America, for example, has realized that without direct intervention by local governments is impossible to develop ecotourism.  Recall that in this vast country emerged from the beginning of the twentieth century, the first spaces and protected natural areas that would become national parks, without which they would have lost significant wealth who today are usufruct by the communities living in the vicinity  . In short, ecotourism is an important ingredient to strengthening cultural identity. The close links we forge between everything that defines us as people, that is our way of life and production, our culture, our identity, and nature is what will make us turn this activity called eco-concrete manifestation of that  symbiosis, as a social practice that opens new horizons in todays changing world, where the features that differentiate us from other countries are put in evidence and become thus a unique appeal to attract new tourists and  stimulate us. In short, ecotourism combines natural resource management, environmental protection and land to productive action of society, generating jobs, income and new procedures, forms and techniques of living and working in areas  rural and urban areas. As such, ecotourism is an economic activity, environmental and cultural battle against the scourge of poverty, social exclusion and the exodus that started the inhabitant of a town of traditions, and why not, to overcome their  limitations along with its people. Ecotourism development contributes to motorized, national and local, comprehensive and sustainable. Devastating effects from ecotourism Several studies reported any adverse effect on Environment ecotourism course offerings. The ecotourisms offers may be generated in many cases more harm than good for environmental conservation, according to recent scientific studies on various tourist destinations in the expanding mode that is presented by defining as environment-friendly and  lovers whose main customers are reported in Nature. For example, orcas living in the United States coast are struggling to communicate with the noise generated by boats full of tourists looking to find out, as reflected in a study by the University of Durham (United Kingdom) and the Whale  Museum in Washington and published in the journal Nature. As the number of killer whale watching boats has been increasing over the past decade currently 72 commercial ships and 22 small private boats surrounding the whales every day the length of calls of these animals has also  extended in an effort to overpower the engine noise.  The calls have duration of approximately 15% higher when the number of vessels is higher. Also, the British magazine New Scientist reported that the presence of tourists in natural environments of species such as polar bears, penguins, dolphins and many types of birds in animals generated nervousness situations that begin to result in difficulties  chronic for playback. The impact of human presence in the natural environment of animals may seem a priori mild or nonexistent.  However, small changes in animals such as rapid heartbeat, changes in hormone levels and alteration of eating habits are raising fears of long-term survival of certain species. A team from the University of Auckland (New Zealand) has observed the dolphins along the coast of New Zealand since 1996 and has found these marine mammals reach a state of frenzy by the presence of the boatloads of tourists, reducing or  virtually eliminating its quiet time. Also, Canadian researchers at the University of Manitoba have reported the saturation of photographic tourism with the polar bears as protagonists.  The presence of tourists in the bears habitat during the months of October and November produces irreversible condition for the animal, because in those months is bound to an almost total rest to preserve a surplus of body fat. Other examples of the undesirable consequences of ecotourism are the lower the weight of the baby penguin, and therefore less chance of survival in areas with presence of travelers because the parents neglect their offspring feed to be entertained  by tourists -, reproductive problems experienced by some types of pheasants in the Amazon, where it was found that only 15% of nests containing a baby in the areas visited by tourists, compared to 50% in regions  fully protected.

The Benefits of File Sharing Technology :: Internet Online Communication Essays

Napster: The Benefits of File Sharing Technology Napster. Never before has one word brought so much controversy and debate over technology and peoples' rights to information. Napster was co-founded by Shawn Fanning, a college student with a million dollar idea. His idea was to provide people across the world the ability to download information from other users’ computers. Although this technology was already available through local networks, Shawn envisioned a way to make this network technology possible for the average college student like himself. What Shawn didn't envision however, was the lawsuits and court injunctions that now plague his company. These lawsuits have stemmed from Napster allegedly violating copyright laws set forth by the music industry. Seeing that Napster has approximately 64 million users worldwide, the company is being charged with allowing "rampant music piracy" (Evangelista 2001). Although this may be true, I believe that Napster is doing more good to our society than bad. It's use of file sharing technology and expression is allowing new standards to be set for the future. A great misconception is that Napster provides its clients with illegally pirated music software known as MP3's. These MP3's are compressed CD quality music files that can be stored on any computer for easy listening, or can be copied onto an actual CD for listening on the go. In actuality, Napster does not provide any pirated MP3's; rather they act as a catalog for users to find certain songs (Magid, 2001). When you run the Napster program on your computer, Napster opens a direct link from your folder with MP3's files in it, to the catalog on the Napster server. Since Napster has over 60 million members, at any given time during the day hundreds of thousands of people have their files catalogued through Napster. So when I want to search for a song, Napster searches though the thousands of open directories of its users. When I find the song I want, I download the MP3 file directly from that particular Napster users computer. Napster as you can see is just acting as a search directory for MP3 files. Now that you know how Napster works, let me tell you why the program upsets so many people. Napster first made national news when many universities, including IU, started to ban the file-sharing program. College students having access to Ethernet and large bandwidths could not resist Napster's service.

Investigating Stoichiometry Essay

Quantitative Data: The table shows the mass of reactants potassium iodide and lead(II) nitrate, and the mass of the precipitate from the reaction between KI(aq) and Pb(NO3)2(aq). Mass of precipitate from reaction between KI(aq) and Pb(NO3)2(aq) Mass of potassium iodide (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.001g) 1.701 Mass of lead(II) nitrate (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.001g) 1.280 Mass of filter paper (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.001g) 0.798 Mass of precipitate + filter paper (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.001g) 2.525 Mass of precipitate (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.001g) 1.727 Qualitative Data: 1) After pouring the KI(aq) and Pb(NO3)2(aq) solution together into the beaker, a glass rod was used to stir the solution so as to make sure it was mixed properly. However, after stirring, when the glass rod was taken out, there were small amounts of precipitate (PbI2(s)) stuck onto the glass rod, and could not be removed. 2) While pouring the remaining mixture into the filter paper, not all the mixture was poured into the filter funnel and paper. Some of the mixture was stuck in the beaker even after trying to wash it down water and scooping it out with the glass rod. 3) After filtrating the mixture, it was observed that there were some parts of the filtrate that was still yellow in colour, with some PbI2 crystals floating around, which meant that some of the residue (PbI2) passed through the filter paper. Even so, another round of filtration was not carried out. The chemical equation obtained from the reaction above: 2KI(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) –> 2KNO3(aq) + PbI2(s) Step 1) Using stoichiometry, predict the mass of PbI2(s) formed when a solution containing 1.701g of KI(aq) is mixed with a solution containing 1.280g of Pb(NO3)2(aq): First, the limiting reagent is determined by finding out which reagent produces lesser moles of PbI2. Using Pb(NO3)2: Moles of Pb(NO3)2 = 1.280g Pb(NO3)2 x = 0.0038646176mol Pb(NO3)2 Moles of PbI2 = 0.0038646176mol Pb(NO3)2 x = 0.0038646176mol PbI2 Using KI: Moles of KI = 1.701g KI x = 0.010246988mol KI Moles of PbI2 = 0.010246988mol KI x = 0.005123494 mol PbI2 ?Pb(NO3)2 is the limiting reagent. Second, we predict the mass of PbI2 formed. Mass of PbI2 = 0.0038646176mol PbI2 x = 1.781550067g PbI2 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1.782g PbI2 Step 2) Now we calculate the actual mass of PbI2 formed. Mass of filter paper = 0.798g Mass of precipitate (PbI2) + filter paper = 2.525g Mass of PbI2 produced = 2.525g – 0.798g = 1.727g Step 3) Now we calculate the percent yield. Percent yield of PbI2 = PbI2 x 100% = 96.91358025% à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 96.9% Analysis of Results After conducting the experiment, it is found that the percent yield of PbI2 produced was 96.9%, which was rather accurate. However, it was lower than the predicted mass by 3.1%, which could be due to the qualitative results shown above, random errors and inaccuracy of the experiment. When stirring the KI(aq) and Pb(NO3)2(aq) solution, some of the PbI2 precipitate was stuck onto the glass rod used for stirring, and could not be removed without using fingers, which would have contaminated the solution. This resulted in the decrease in the actual mass of PbI2 precipitate measured, causing the percent yield to be slightly lower than the predicted yield. When pouring the mixture into the filter funnel, not all of the mixture was poured into the filter paper as some of it was stuck inside the beaker. Even though water was used to wash some of the mixture stuck in the beaker into the filter paper, not all of the mixture was filtered. The mixture stuck in the beaker and was not filtered would have decreased the percent yield. Finally, when the mixture was being filtered, some of the PbI2 precipitate passed through the filter paper and went into the filtrate. The filtrate was not filtered again, so some of the PbI2 was not calculated into the final mass of PbI2 produced. This would have decreased the percent yield as well. All the above would have contributed to the fact that the percent yield was 3.1% lower than the predicted yield. Conclusion The results from the experiment showed that the percent yield of PbI2 is 96.9%, which is rather accurate. However, due to random errors and the qualitative results shown above, the percent yield is 3.1% lower than the predicted yield. Limitations and Improvements If I could do the experiment again, –> As some of the precipitate was stuck onto the glass rod and could not be removed by using my fingers, I could have just used a little bit of water to wash it down back into the mixture. This would have decrease the difference in the percentage between the predicted yield and the percentage yield. –> Even though water was used to wash some of the mixture into the filter funnel, there was still some mixture stuck in the beaker. The process of using water to wash down the mixture could have been repeated over and over until all the mixture is in the filter funnel. –> After filtrating the mixture once, some of the PbI2 crystals went through the filter paper and into the filtrate in the conical flask. To make sure all the PbI2 precipitate is counted towards the percent yield, the filtrate could have been filtrated again at least 2 more times. This would have increased the mass of PbI2, which would have made the percent yield closer to 100%.

Free Essays on Beauty And The Beast

The Story as a Skeleton Ring around the rosies, a pocket full of posies, ashes, ashes, we all fall down. To modern society this seems like a nonsensical children’s rhyme, instead of a rhyme about the Black Death and horrors that it held for society at that time. Without knowledge of the origins of the rhyme, it is just that. The same goes for stories and fairy tales. Stories provide a glimpse of what is taking place in the society of the times. By comparing different versions of the same story over time one can make connections to society’s values and the evens of the time period. One can also compare stories within the same time period to achieve different viewpoints within the society itself. Looking at the story of beauty and the beast, one can use this example to lean much about the values that certain societies hold at certain times. The story of beauty and the beast has its origins in the early Roman myth of Cupid and Psyche, and since then has evolved into the modern versions that we have today such as the animated Disney film Beauty and the Beast and Barbara G. Walker’s Ugly and the Beast. Throughout time the fundamental ideas of the story remain the same. A selfless and devoted daughter willingly sacrifices herself for her father. Although the beauty character has sisters who are sad to see her go to an almost certain death in the clutches of the beast, the others will not even volunteer to go in place of her. The beauty character is then rewarded for her selflessness with her marriage to an important and wealthy husband who is much to her liking. Although the stories vary dramatically, these three elements are present in all of the versions. In Cupid and Ps yche, Psyche is the beauty character. Her father travels to an oracle to ask how to find a decent husband for Psyche. Much to his dismay the oracles reveals that Psyche is to go to a rocky summit to await her fearful husband in the form of a winged serpent. Psych... Free Essays on Beauty And The Beast Free Essays on Beauty And The Beast The Story as a Skeleton Ring around the rosies, a pocket full of posies, ashes, ashes, we all fall down. To modern society this seems like a nonsensical children’s rhyme, instead of a rhyme about the Black Death and horrors that it held for society at that time. Without knowledge of the origins of the rhyme, it is just that. The same goes for stories and fairy tales. Stories provide a glimpse of what is taking place in the society of the times. By comparing different versions of the same story over time one can make connections to society’s values and the evens of the time period. One can also compare stories within the same time period to achieve different viewpoints within the society itself. Looking at the story of beauty and the beast, one can use this example to lean much about the values that certain societies hold at certain times. The story of beauty and the beast has its origins in the early Roman myth of Cupid and Psyche, and since then has evolved into the modern versions that we have today such as the animated Disney film Beauty and the Beast and Barbara G. Walker’s Ugly and the Beast. Throughout time the fundamental ideas of the story remain the same. A selfless and devoted daughter willingly sacrifices herself for her father. Although the beauty character has sisters who are sad to see her go to an almost certain death in the clutches of the beast, the others will not even volunteer to go in place of her. The beauty character is then rewarded for her selflessness with her marriage to an important and wealthy husband who is much to her liking. Although the stories vary dramatically, these three elements are present in all of the versions. In Cupid and Ps yche, Psyche is the beauty character. Her father travels to an oracle to ask how to find a decent husband for Psyche. Much to his dismay the oracles reveals that Psyche is to go to a rocky summit to await her fearful husband in the form of a winged serpent. Psych...

What is Web Design and How does it Work †Computer Science Paper

What is Web Design and How does it Work – Computer Science Paper Free Online Research Papers I. Web Design What is Web Design? Web design is the design of web pages, websites and web applications using HTML, CSS, images, and other media. Web design is part of starting a website (web development) which can include web server configuration, writing web applications and server security. 1 How it works vs How it looks Since so many web developers have a graphic arts background, some may pay more attention to how a page looks, without considering how visitors are going to find the page via a search engine. Some may rely more on advertising than search engines to attract visitors to the site. On the other side of the issue, search engine optimization consultants (SEOs) obsess about how well a web site works technically and textually: how much traffic it generates via search engines, and how many sales it makes, assuming looks dont contribute to the sales. 2 II. Reasoning Behind Project Choice Computer Engineering Computer Engineering was originally my first choice. I love computers, so that was the first thing that came to my mind. Still my mentor challenged me, we both decided that this project will help not only in a passing grade, but towards my career. He explained to me that Computer Engineering had a lot of science in the college plan. That made a big impact on my decision, I’m not to fund of science that Computer Engineering was definitely out of the picture Graphics and Multimedia This seemed like it would be fun and interesting. There wasn’t a lot of science involved so that made it one of my top choices. Nevertheless, after all the excitement of graphics, I realized I’m not a good artist. My mentor explained to me that this career has a lot to do with art. Web Design After I made my decision, I found a career. Web Design seemed just perfect. It didn’t involve a lot of science and art. As I decided on Web Design, my mentor and I quickly came up with different lay-outs on the project. I knew this was acceptable for me, I wanted to be able to use this project as a stepping stone toward my career in web design. Computers and the Internet have always been interesting to me. We decided to make a web site for my schools basketball team. This seemed perfect, I was happy to know that my mentor was just as excited as I am! III. Project Desciption Original Choice I originally decided to make a fan web- site for my favorite basketball team. I was going to research and find data on their stats, bio, the teams schedule and interesting facts on the players. Still, this project didn’t seem as appealing to me or my mentor. I have a very big imagination; although, this was a good idea it just wasn’t appealing enough for me. My mentor wanted this project to be successful enough to take it anywhere; therefore, a change had to be made. Final Choice As my mentor and I brainstormed we came across my school web- site. The web-site was fine, but it didn’t tell much about the players. The site was very vague. This was my senior exit project, why not make a web site that can benefit myself and the school! We decided that we can make a site that had better contrast with the colors and layout, showing current stats, schedules, news, and quicker links. We decided to show players pictures, this was a great idea. Now, we could take the project and use it in the community. Anyone who didn’t recognize the players by names will now be able to click and refer to pictures. IV. Goals Website must be informational Although one of our goals is trying to make a more attractive site; nevertheless, the site still has to be informational. We can’t just go for glamour, the site must have information referring to stats, records, etc. Yes, looks are appealing, but the site can’t be helpful if it doesn’t inform viewers. User Friendly Sometimes some web pages are very complicated. My web-site will be user friendly. A â€Å"rookie† (when it comes to computer technology) will be able to find their way around the web-site. Easy click on links will be one of the many improvements, updated news, and current stats. The page will be very vivid and easy to understand. Target Audience I want to be able to let this website be a reference for not only the school, but the community, parents, other schools, and for any scouts. This page will allow college coaches and fans, the opportunity to find out more about there players and team. I think this will be good for the team, as well benefiting the school. V. Current Site Analysis (What’s wrong with the current site) Negative When observing the school’s web-site, it failed to meet some of the requirements I would like to see as an athlete. Although it had our schedule and roster, it just seemed plain. As, a athlete I would like to see more for our website. The colors are too bright and without the basketball the page seems dull. I think it would look nicer if the page had pictures, bio’s for the players, current and past stats, those would be some of the improvements that will be available in my site. Positive Of course it good that we even have a web-site, some other schools are not as fortunate. I like the fact that it tells on the roster our positions and what classification we are. It’s not hard to follow links from page to page; although just getting to the school web-site is quite a hassle. VI. Flowchart Diagram What is a flowchart? A flowchart is a schematic representation of a process. They are commonly used in business/economic presentations to help the audience visualize the content better, or to find flaws in the process. 3 The flowchart is one of the seven basic tools of quality control, which include the histogram, Pareto chart, check sheet, control chart, cause-and-effect diagram, flowchart, and scatter diagram. What’s in my flowchart? My flowchart will consist of a homepage that will link to all the other pages. The color schemes will be different, and the site will be more attractive. It will also consist of linking the viewers to the stats, roster, player information, news, pictures, and possibly videos. This will also make my page user friendly while still bringing excitement to the page. VII. Conclusion This page is not only a page that will get me a passing grade. It will allow me to help my school while further advancing my knowledge in the field of web design. College is a big thing to me, and so is this project. Nevertheless with my mentor’s guidance, this page will take some time, but the rewards of my finish project will be plentiful. Research Papers on What is Web Design and How does it Work - Computer Science PaperThe Project Managment Office SystemAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalOpen Architechture a white paperGenetic EngineeringResearch Process Part OneBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfMind TravelRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andHip-Hop is Art

Privatized Prisons in the US Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Privatized Prisons in the US - Research Paper Example This discussion will look into the advantages and disadvantages regarding both systems. The private prison experiment has lasted nearly three decades in the U.S., long enough to make conclusions about the effectiveness and overall impact on state and local governments. Privatized prisons have experienced dynamic growth in recent years but the concept, at least in part, has been around for a long time. During the 1800’s, some states entered into contracts with private groups to lease inmate labor. Leasing prisoners occurred on a fairly routine basis but the system and the inmates, as might be expected, were subject to widespread abuses. Because of this, the prisoner lease system came to an end in 1920’s during the Progressive Era. Until recently the fast growth in the prison and jail populations generated extraordinary opportunities for entrepreneurs to own and operate prisons beginning in the 1980s. The concept of privatization became a topic of public discussion in the mid-1980s, when the newly formed Corrections Corporation of America (CCA) proposed to the State of Tennessee’s to operate its entire prison system. The State paid CCA $250 million dollars on a 99-year deal. In return, CCA would lodge the state’s prisoners for an annually negotiated per-inmate payment. In addition, CCA would insure that the prisons it operated would meet the criterion establish by the same federal judge who had earlier determined that the state’s prison system violated of the U.S. Constitution due to the sub-standard conditions of confinement. (McDonald, et al. 1998) CCA’s relationship with Tennessee started the privatization boom that spread across the nation. Other states were experiencing similar issues with overcrowding and the problems associated with it therefore happy to hand the operation of prisons over to an outside entity. Many have questioned the legality of privatization, arguing the practice does not square with e Constituti on. While the legality of governments assigning correctional authority to private corporations was broadly argued in the 1980s, it now seems that opposition to prison privatization, at least on a constitutional basis, has no merit. Unless a government has positively no convincing statutory authority for entering into contracts with private prison companies, courts will be hesitant to nullify those contacts on grounds of delegation. â€Å"Only delegated rulemaking and adjudication functions that directly purport to exercise a government power are deemed to require special constitutional due process safeguards and to be subject to heightened judicial scrutiny.† (McDonald, et al. 1998) No clear case law has been developed to define with precision how general due process standards will be applied to private prisons. The U.S. has the higher incarceration rate than any other in the world and is paying more than $3 billion a year to the private prison industry. These two facts are i nterrelated in an intentional and disturbing way. According to a study recently completed by the Justice Policy Institute (JPI), America’s two largest private prison corporations, GEO Group and CCA collectively pocketed annual incomes of $2.9 billion in 2010. The JPI issued a report based on the study called â€Å"Gaming the System.† It reveals that during the past decade, the number of prisoners housed in private

Legalization of Marijuana in America Final Drft Essay

Legalization of Marijuana in America Final Drft - Essay Example Lately, discussion and push for legalization of the drug by pro-marijuana activists has intensified to an extent of triggering serious political interests. This has manifested through the recent comment by President Barrack Obama that marijuana is just like cigarette and alcohol with a promise that Federal government will not interfere with marijuana laws established by individual states. Moreover, governors and state legislatures have publicly commented alongside declaring their positions as far the discussion about the legalization of the drug is concerned. Apart from initial introduction of marijuana in America in 1545 by Spanish, marijuana laws began to exist as early as 1920s. Michael and Renee (2003) attribute the wide spread popularity of marijuana in 1920s to the prohibitive laws established during the Prohibition Era. The era saw the outlaw of alcoholic drinks and people had to resort to marijuana that came from widespread hemp plant. The laws restricted the use of recreational marijuana to the jazz musicians who only took the drug when in dance clubs entertaining people. According to Pfeifer (2011), between 1850 and 1942, the government of USA listed marijuana in Pharmacopeia, and prescribed for conditions like nausea, labor pains and rheumatism. During 1850s through to 1930s, marijuana gained popular use as an intoxicant. Another marijuana law called Marijuana Tax Act came into force in 1937 (Hart & Ksir, 2011). The purpose of the law was to levy tax of one dollar on all growers, importers, buyers, sellers, veterans, physicians and any person prescribing it, using commercially or possess it. Failure to adhere to the Act and handling o marijuana without tax stamp of the Treasury Department would attract a fine of up to $2000, five year imprisonment or both (Michael & Renee, 2003). Regulation 1 later inserted in the Marijuana Tax Act required the Bureau of Narcotics and police of the Treasury Department to conduct inspection and monitoring the use,

Master of Criminal Justice for subjuct ( 7022CCJ Research, Evaluation Essay

Master of Criminal Justice for subjuct ( 7022CCJ Research, Evaluation & Policy Analysis ) - Essay Example In the preference of drug related crimes, the consideration that rehabilitation will do right for individuals than jail time. When an individual commits a drug related crime and serves a jail time the difficulties in the jail will not prevent the individual from doing future crimes. They will in turn push the individual to revert to the same acts that led to the crime. Dean (1990) argues that rehabilitation assists the individual blend back to society. The consideration associated with rehabilitation is that when one goes through incarceration the criminal record will hinder the individual from obtaining employment and, therefore, revert to the crimes. While incarceration secludes the offender from the society in order to reform, the individual rehabilitation ensures that the offender is functioning in the society while at the same instance assisting the offender cope with the problems (Glen et al, 2011, p.150). According to Douglas (2005), rehabilitation is effective to young offend ers who have drug related offences. This is because jail cannot change them, rehabilitation deals with drug-correlated offences by addressing the social ill that cause the crime. On the other hand, prisons address only the offence and leave the cause of the problem unaddressed and upon completion the person who committed the offence does not benefit because at the end of the jail term the problem still exists, and the problem remains unresolved and there is a high likelihood of reverting to the same. In rehabilitation, the individuals are not only detoxification but also counseling and education. In order for the program, to be effective the rehabilitation program should be specific and in accordance to the individuals required treatment. Rehabilitation takes the belief that each problem has a different perspective and that it receives attention in order to make the system effective. The desired effect of a rehabilitation program is

Unknown Citizen Essay Example for Free

Unknown Citizen Essay Social Security Number? Birthdate? Nine digit telephone number starting with area code? In many ways, we are simply numbers to modern society, not individuals with feelings and emotions and dreams. As the world around us evolves so does technology. With the fast paced advancements occurring in technology it seems that the humanity of the world is decreasing. This makes it harder for people to develop their own personal identity. In today’s society people are being seen more as â€Å"faceless† citizens rather than individuals. This is because they are given numbers and labeled based upon how society sees them. In â€Å"The Unknown Citizen†, W. H. Auden shows us how the government sees society as statistics rather than a group of individuals. The unknown citizen of Auden’s poem is unknown because his name has become unimportant. The subtitle â€Å"To JS/07/M/378 This Marble Monument is Erected by the State (Auden 864)† is a fictional concept that the government enforced by an alpha-numeric tag. This tag is used to distinguish who each person is. Throughout the poem the individual is being referred to as â€Å"JS/07/M/378†. The random letters and numbers followed by forward slashes are all representations of the government. Meaning each section of letters and numbers are representing something. â€Å"JS† could possibly be the first letters of his first and last name and â€Å"M† could represent his gender being male. However, the fact that his name is never mentioned and a marble statue was built in his honor in very ironic. Instead of writing his full name the government chose to use the name they had given to him. This automatically is seen as a form of dehumanizing. The statue can also be seen as a form of symbolism representing the chilling manner in which the government chose to honor this man. Auden gives the audience the perceptive that the government is honoring people who they never knew really existed while they were alive. Auden uses irony to describe how the unknown citizen was seen by the government. â€Å"He was found by the Bureau of Statistics to be one against, who there was no official complaint, and all the reports on his conduct agree (Auden 864)†, is an ironic way to start off portraying him. The Bureau of Statistics is a fictional sector of the government that finds people and categorizes them based upon facts and figures. This suggests that tatistically speaking he would be considered normal. â€Å"That in the modern sense of an old-fashioned word, he was a saint for in everything he did he served the Greater Community (Auden 864)† is another perfect example of irony. A saint in an old-fashioned sense is someone who actually stands alone to defend their beliefs and often perish while trying to overcome those enormous challenges. This life is normally seen as an extraordinary one. A saint can also be used in reference when referring to religion. However, Auden suggests that the modern saint is the complete opposite. The unknown citizen lived a life in which he was not devoted to God but to a Greater Community. The government would be considered the Greater Community. It is almost like Auden gives the government godlike qualities because they believe everyone should follow what they say. He always acted in a manner that was expected or accepted by this society. Even though Auden sounds like he is praising all of the unknown citizen’s accomplishments he truly is not. He goes on to say â€Å"he was popular with his mate† and â€Å"he was fully sensible† to show how conformed he was to society. He also followed all rules passed by the state. The way he lived his life was considered normal. He brought a paper every day and reacted in the â€Å"normal† way expected. Advertisers benefited from this because they gained statistics of their own allowing them to help their business profit. He never got involved with his children’s education allowing the government to have more control over him. â€Å"When there was peace he was for peace; when there was war, he went (Auden 865)† suggests he had no mind of his own. This man never questioned anything himself but, instead followed everyone else. Not once did he take a second out to think about something on his own. If the government said it is right then he went along with it. â€Å"He worked in a factory and never got fired, but satisfied his employers Fudge Motors Inc. Yet he wasn’t a scab or odd in his views for his Union reports that he paid his dues (Auden 864-865)† shows that his performance was based upon how his employer felt. Fudge Motors Inc. would be a parody for Ford Motors Inc. He basically dehumanized himself just so he could please the state. Auden intentionally wrote this poem in a very clinical way to make a point about how flawed the government is. Auden compares the Eugenics from the odern society to the Nazi’s in Germany. â€Å"He was married and added five children to the population which our Eugenist says was the right number for a parent of his generation (Auden 865)† can be used as connection between the two. The Nazi’s were known mainly for trying to create the perfect society. From this it is possible that Auden could be suggesting that with conformity comes chaos. Auden wrote â€Å"The Unknown Citizen† during World War II leaving the perception that maybe he wrote it about an unknown citizen who served in the war and warning the soldiers to question the government who are sending them out to fight. He points out that the government judge people based off of reports and documents and what they considered to be right. The title suggests he is talking about one person when in reality he is talking about society as a whole and how the government saw it. We as people see the government as leaders who represent and enforce our values while we are considered to be just another number. Lastly an unknown citizen falls prey to government control. The government itself is the speaker in Auden’s poem. This is why Auden uses plurals like ours. In the eyes of the state, the man they considered a saint was the governments idea of the perfect man. The government does not truly care about him just the fact that he does what he is told. Words such as Greater Community, Installment Plan, Modern Man, and Public Opinion are capitalized to show the emphasis that the government puts on these concepts. Everything about his life is closely monitored, even his private life. The fact that the government knows things like he likes to drink helps support that. Was he free? Was he happy? The question is absurd: Had anything been wrong, we should certainly have heard (Auden 864) suggests that the government does not care about people’s happiness or freedom. It is human nature for a person to want to belong and be part of something. Even though the poem was written over sixty five years ago it does have some truth. As technology becomes better, faster and accurate we are becoming more of a statistic and less human. Yet in a society that dehumanizes us, we still want to be a part of it. No one wants to be considered as an outcast or looked down upon for being different.

Optimum Currency Area (OCA) Theory

Optimum Currency Area (OCA) Theory What criteria did Mundell use to identify an optimum currency area and how relevant are these criteria today in deciding whether two countries constitute an optimum currency area? An Optimum Currency Area (OCA) is a geographical region in which maximise economic efficiency is attained by the entire region sharing a single currency (a monetary union), or by several currencies pegging to each other via a fixed exchange rate. National authorities have come to the realisation that by merging with other countries to share a currency, everyone might benefit from gains in economic efficiency. An example of this can be seen in the formation of the euro where the countries involved do not individually match the criteria of an OCA, but believe that together they come close. The aim of national authorities is to establish the correct form of economic integration to maximise efficiency. One of the original founders of the OCA theory was economist Robert Mundell. In his first paper ‘A Theory of Optimum Currency Areas (1961) he presented several principal criteria to create a functioning monetary union. To support these criteria for an OCA I shall on occasion refer to an example of consumer preferences switching from French to German-made products by Paul De Grauwe (2003). The change in consumer preferences will cause an upward shift in aggregate demand in Germany and a downward shift in France as shown in 1 below. The output decline in France and increase in Germany is most likely to cause unemployment to increase in France but decrease in Germany. The first of the criteria for an OCA is price and wage flexibility throughout the geographical area. This means that the market forces of supply and demand automatically distribute money and goods to where they are needed. For example, with regards to France and Germany under perfect wage flexibility, the unemployed workers in France will reduce their wage claims, and conversely excess demand for labour in Germany will push up the wage rate. This inevitably shifts aggregate supply for France outwards making French products more competitive, and stimulating demand, whereas the opposite occurs for Germany. 2 below shows the effect of wage flexibility as an automatic adjustment mechanism. Mundell cited the importance of factor mobility as an â€Å"essential ingredient of a common currency† (Mundell, 1961) and thus labour mobility across the geographical region is one of Mundells main criteria for an OCA. In the case of De Grauwes example, French unemployed workers would move to Germany where there is excess demand for labour. This free movement of labour eliminates the need to let wages decline in France and increase in Germany solving both the unemployment problem in France, and the inflationary wage pressures in Germany. The existence of labour mobility relies on the unrealistic assumptions of free movement of workers between regions regardless of physical barriers such as work permits, cultural barriers such as language difficulties and institutional barriers such as superannuation transferrals. Indeed Peter Kenen referred to the additional costs of retraining workers and there is an â€Å"unrealistic assumption of perfect occupational mobilityâ€Å"(Kenen, 1969). Ronald McKinnon observed that â€Å"in practice this does not work perfectly as there is no true wage flexibility† (McKinnon, 1979). McKinnon is simply highlighting the point that in reality wage flexibility, as well as perfect labour and capital mobility do not always exist. Considering a case where wages in France do not decline despite the unemployment situation (no wage flexibility), and French workers do not move to Germany (no labour mobility) both Germany and France would be stuck in the original position of disequilibrium. In Germany the excess demand for labour would put pressure on the wage rate, causing an upward shift in the supply curve. The adjustment from the position of disequilibrium would in this case come exclusively from price increases in Germany making French goods more competitive once more. Therefore if wage flexibility and labour mobility does not exist then the adjustment process will be entirely reliant on inflation in Germany. Mundell stated product diversification over the geographical area is an important determinant of the suitability for a region to share a currency. This has been supported by many economists, such as Peter Kenen who says â€Å"groups of countries with diversified domestic production are more likely to constitute optimum currency areas than groups whose members are highly specialised† (Kenen, 1969). Finally Mundell stated that an automatic fiscal transfer mechanism is required to redistribute money to sectors with adverse affects from labour and capital mobility. This usually takes the form of taxation redistribution to less developed areas of the OCA. Whilst this is theoretically ideal and necessary, in practice it is extremely difficult to get the well off regions of the OCA to give away their wealth. Mundell produced two models in relation to OCA theory. In the first, under a model of Stationary Expectations (SE), he takes a pessimistic view towards monetary integration, however in his second paper he counters this, and focuses on the benefits of a monetary union under the model of International Risk Sharing (IRS), which has conversely been used to argue for the forming of monetary unions. ‘The Theory of Optimal Currency Areas paper by Mundell in 1961 portrays OCAs under stationary expectations. The assumption is made that asymmetric shocks undermine the real economy and thus flexible exchange rates are considered preferable because a shared monetary policy would not be precisely tuned for the specific situation of each constituent region. This paper led to the formation of the Mundell-Fleming Model of an open economy which has been used to argue against the forming of monetary unions as an economy cannot simultaneously maintain a fixed exchange rate, free capital movement, and an independent monetary policy. Whilst the Mundells criteria for an OCA is held in high regard my many economists, there are some criticisms levelled at him. Capital mobility is seen to have been a â€Å"greater adjustment mechanism than labour mobility† (Eichengreen, 1990) and this is a factor John Ingram criticises Mundell for ignoring. Clearly the openness of the region to capital mobility is crucial to the makeup of an OCA, as for trade to exist between participating regions, free movement of capital is necessary. However in the years that followed his 1961 paper on OCAs Mundell realised the criticisms of his previous paper and began to doubt the basic argument for flexible exchange rates as an adjustment mechanism. He became more appreciative of the adjustment mechanism under fixed exchange rates, â€Å"It was not that I had forgotten the Mundell-Fleming model, but that I had gone beyond it† (Mundell, 1997). In Mundells 1973 paper, ‘Uncommon Arguments for Common Currencies, he discarded his earlier assumption of static expectations to look at how future uncertainty about the exchange rate could disrupt the capital markets by restraining international portfolio diversification and risk-sharing. Here he introduces his second model of OCAs under IRS. He counters his previous idea that asymmetric shocks weaken the case for a common currency by suggesting that a common currency can reduce such shocks by sharing the burden of loss. He uses the example of two countries, Capricorn and Ca ncer. In spring, Cancer ships half of its crop to Capricorn and in return it receives evidence of Capricorns debt, a claim to half of Capricorns food crop in autumn. While one country is expanding its money supply and running a balance of payments surplus, the other will be running a balance of payments deficit, and the process is reversed during the next period. Mundell points out that this system is very satisfactory in a world of certainty, however in reality there is speculation about the convertibility of foreign currencies. If Cancer had a bad harvest and produced less crop, to redeem all of notes from the Capricorn would involve providing them with their promised share of crop as usual, leaving Cancer short. The only defence against paying out the promised share of crop would be a devaluation of Cancers currency and thus a reduction in the claim by Capricorn on the crop. Capricorn needs to get enough crops to survive and produce food in the autumn, so Cancer will not also be left short on supplies in the next period. The solution would appear to be a partial devaluation of Cancers currency, so that the burden of loss would be shared between the two countries. Mundell has shown that with different currencies comes the uncertainty of devaluation, a problem which a common currency would not have. Under a common â€Å"world† currency if Cancer has a bad crop the total amount of world currency will exchange for full quantity of crop, irrespective of who holds the money as competition and freedom of arbitrage assures a single price. So long as competition exists, and there are no time lags in the transmission of goods or information, the price of the food will rise for both countries and so the burden of shock is shared automatically and equally by the two countries. To reconcile Mundells two papers and assess the appropriateness the criteria on determining two countries suitability as a currency area I have decided to look at the case of the European Monetary Union (EMU) and its success as a monetary union. There are many examples of countries within Europe that would struggle to maintain international competitiveness without the currency area. The areas of the EU with low labour mobility are furthest away from meeting the criteria of a currency area. However, while the removal of legal barriers (such as visas) has improved this labour mobility, issues such as language barriers remain, for example, a French worker may not wish to move to Spain because they cannot speak Spanish, also people tend to have ties to the places they currently live and may not be willing to move away from them. Bayoumi and Eichengreen (1992) compared the US and Europe with respect to how disturbances in separate regions match shocks in a selected benchmark region. They chose Germany as the benchmark for Europe and found that there is a relatively high symmetry of disturbances within the core of the EU such as Austria, Benelux, Denmark, France and Germany. They also found that the symmetry was lower for western European countries. When compared to the USA, the EMU had a higher probability of asymmetric shocks. However according to Fidrmuc and Korhonen (2001) the extent of the asymmetric shocks is declining in the EU economies. Bayoumi and Eichengreen believe that countries within Europe are further from an OCA than regions in the USA, and so are less appropriate as a currency area. These studies suggest that two countries in the EU are less suited to forming a monetary union than the regions of the USA, although the situation is improving. Frankel and Rose (1998) argued that the higher the trade integration, the higher the correlation of the business cycles among countries, in other words there is greater symmetry of shocks. They also propose that business cycles and trade integration are inter-related and endogenous processes to establishing a currency union. Frankel and Roses empirical findings noted that EMU entry encourages trade linkages among countries and causes the business cycle t o be more symmetrical among the unions participants. Rose and Stanley (2005) find that a common currency generally increases trade among its members between 30% and 90%. These findings agree with Mundells argument that a common currency can help to deal with asymmetrical shocks. Frankel and Roses findings suggest that although two countries considering creating a common currency may not meet the criteria before they join the currency area they may do afterwards. Economists are divided in opinion between Mundells two OCA models. The contrasting views which Mundell presents in his papers have earned him a title as â€Å"the intellectual father to both sides of the debate†. While some economists support the theory of stationary expectations, preferring flexible exchange rates, and conclude against the euro, others advocate the IRS model, preferring the fixed exchange rate, and conclude in favour of the euro. Mundell himself seems to have eventually settled in favour fixed exchange rates in a monetary union however he does still advocate the use of flexible exchange rates in two cases. In the case of unstable countries, whose inflation differs significant from its currency sharing regions and in large countries where there is no established international monetary system, e.g. the USA. From Mundells studies I can conclude that two countries which are heavily integrated through highly mobile factors of production which are highly diversifie d in their goods should join a common currency. With regard to the relevance of Mundells theory today I would say his studies are still valid and used heavily as complementary theory to monetary integration occurring in Europe and throughout the world. References Robert Mundell ‘A Theory of Optimum Currency Areas, 1961 ‘Uncommon Arguments for Common Currencies p. 115, 1973 A Conference on Optimum Currency Areas at Tel-Aviv University, 5th December 1997 Paul De Grauwe ‘Economics of Monetary Union p. 7, 2003) Robert McKinnon ‘Money in International Exchange: The Convertible Currency System, 1979 Peter Kenen ‘The theory of Optimum Currency Areas: an Eclectic view‘, 1969 ‘Monetary Problems of the International Economy, 1969, pp. 95-100 Barry Eichengreen ‘One Money for Europe? Lessons from the US Currency Union, 1990 ‘Is Europe an Optimal Currency Area, 1991 J. Fidrmuc I. Korhonen ‘Similarity of supply and demand shocks between the Euro area and the CEECs, 2001 J. A. Frankel A. K. Rose The Endogeneity of the Optimum Currency Area Criteria pp. 1009-25, Jul 1998 A. K. Rose T. D. Stanley ‘A Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Common Currencies on International Trade, pp 347-365, 2005